Published
July 18, 2025
| Pages: 479-490 | Views: 1129
Abstract
Despite the innovations to teach English through current methodologies and approaches, research in English Language Teaching at primary schools has yet to be explored. This study investigated the impact of the Ecuadorian national curriculum on teaching EFL through the lens of primary school teachers' beliefs. The participants of this study were 113 primary EFL teachers from primary schools. This study applied a mixed-method sequential explanatory approach. The quantitative data was collected using a questionnaire, associating teachers' beliefs and classroom practices regarding the new curriculum reform provided by the Ecuadorian Ministry of Education. In qualitative data, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 teachers who participated voluntarily in this investigation stage to support the quantitative results by associating their beliefs about instructional design, assessment, teaching materials, and teaching practices in the classroom. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the gathered data reveals that primary EFL teachers perceived the new curriculum reform as an innovative and updated document that embraces the development of 21st-century skills through its core principles. However, the participants mentioned various factors that hinder the implementation of the central cores of this curriculum reform. These factors included excessive students per class, insufficient technology integration, lack of parental involvement, low teachers’ experience teaching English at primary schools, and limited quality resources for EFL classrooms. The study also provides practical implications for EFL teaching and suggestions for future education.
Listen -
References
- Abdukhayotovna, A. K. (2022). The role of authentic materials to develop pupils’ communicative competence in English classes at academic lyceums. Berlin Studies Transnational Journal of Science and Humanities, 2(1), 225–234.
- Avci, D. (2023). EFL Teachers’ Beliefs and Practices in Teaching Listening in a Primary School. Journal of Second Language Acquisition and Teaching, 29, 1–17.
- Bay, E., Ilhan, M., Aydın, Z., Kinay, İ., Yiğit, C., Kahramanoğlu, R., & Özyurt, M. (2014). An investigation of teachers’ beliefs about learning. Croatian Journal of Education, 16(3), 55–90.
- Benalcázar, J., & Ortega, D. (2019). Efectos del enfoque CLIL en la producción oral de estudiantes de inglés en el segundo año. Revista Boletín Redipe, 8(12), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.36260/rbr.v8i12.878
- Borg, S. (2017). Teachers’ beliefs and classroom practices. The Routledge Handbook of Language Awareness. Routledge.
- Cahyati, P., & Madya, S. (2019). Teaching English in primary schools: Benefits and challenges. In 3rd International Conference on Current Issues in Education (pp. 395–400). Atlantis Press.
- Case, M. (2023). Social and Institutional Factors Affecting Language Learning Activities. Apples-Journal of Applied Language Studies, 17(1), 85-103. 10.47862/apples.110930
- Chen, Y. C. (2024). Effects of technology-enhanced language learning on reducing EFL learners’ public speaking anxiety. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 37(4), 789–813. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2022.2055083
- Cheung, A., & Hennebry-Leung, M. (2023). Exploring ESL teachers' beliefs and practices of teaching literary texts: A case study in Hong Kong. Language Teaching Research, 27(1), 181-206. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168820933447
- Csizér, K. (2020). Second language learning and teaching second language learning motivation in a European context: The case of Hungary. Springer.
- Cremin, T. (2022). Teaching English creatively. Teaching English Creatively Routledge.
- Council of Europe. (2018). Common European Framework of References for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment. Cambridge University Press.
- Copland, F., Garton, S., & Burns, A. (2013). Challenges in teaching English to young learners: Global perspectives and local realities. TESOL Quarterly, 48(4), 738– 762. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.148
- Dawadi, S., Shrestha, S., & Giri, R. A. (2021). Mixed-methods research: A discussion on its types, challenges, and criticisms. Journal of Practical Studies in Education, 2(2), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.46809/jpse.v2i2.20
- Ecuadorian Ministry of Education. (2016). Currículo de Lengua Extranjera. MINEDUC. https://educacion.gob.ec/curriculo-lengua-extranjera/
- Education First (2023). English Proficiency Index. Retrieved June 28, 2023, from https://www.ef.com/wwen/epi/regions/latin-america/ecuador/
- Ekizer, F. N., & Yildirim, S. S. (2023). 21st century skills and learning environments: ELT students' perceptions. Educational Research and Reviews, 18(6), 114–128. 10.5897/ERR2023.4332
- Emerson, R. W. (2021). Convenience sampling revisited: Embracing its limitations through thoughtful study design. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 115(1), 76–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482X20987707
- Gao, Y., & Cui, Y. (2024). English as a Foreign Language teachers’ pedagogical beliefs about teacher roles and their agentic actions amid and after COVID-19: A case study. RELC Journal, 55(1), 111–127. https://doi.org/10.1177/003368822210741
- Garton, S., & Copland, F. (2019). The Routledge handbook of teaching English to young learners. Routledge.
- Grigg, R. (2022). Becoming an Outstanding Primary School Teacher: A journey, not a destination. Routledge.
- Johnstone, R. (2009). An early start: What are the key conditions for generalized success? In Enever, J., Moon, J., & Raman, U. (Eds). Young learner English language policy and implementation: International perspectives, pp. 31–41. Garnet Education.
- Kalaycı, G., & Ergül, H. (2020). Teachers’ perceptions of the role of parental involvement in teaching English to young learners. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 16(3), 1167-1176. https://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.803608
- Kiely, R., & Davis, M. (2010). From transmission to transformation: Teacher learning in English for speakers of other languages. Language Teaching Research, 14(3), 277–295. ttps://doi.org/10.1177/136216881036524
- Kizildag, A. (2009). Teaching English in Turkey: Dialogues with Teachers about the Challenges in Public Primary Schools. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 1(3), 188–201.
- Khulel, B. (2021). Teaching English for young learners in a rural area: Teachers' challenges. Lingua, 17(2), 115-130. https://doi.org/10.34005/lingua.v17i2.1558
- Macalister, J., & Nation, I. P. (2019). Language curriculum design. Routledge.
- Malina, M. A., Nørreklit, H. S., & Selto, F. H. (2011). Lessons learned: Advantages and disadvantages of mixed method research. Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management, 8(1), 59–71. https://doi.org/10.1108/11766091111124702
- Milon, R. K. (2016). Challenges of teaching English at the rural primary schools in Bangladesh: Some recommendations. ELK Asia Pacific Journal of Social Sciences, 2(3), 1–9.
- Motloung, A. N., Mavuru, L., & McNaught, C. (2021). Teachers’ beliefs and practices when teaching life sciences using their second language. South African Journal of Education, 41(1), 1–15.
- Nkengbeza, D., Mbuzi, D., & Chainda, A. M. (2022). Challenges faced by primary school English teachers in integrating media technology in the teaching and learning of English. Creative Education, 13(4), 1139-1153. 10.4236/ce.2022.134071
- Parker, L. L. (2023). Technology in support of young English learners in and out of school. Technology-mediated learning environments for young English learners, 213–250.
- Pusparini, R., Widiati, U., & Susanti, A. (2021). Pre-service teachers’ beliefs about English Language Teaching and Learning in EFL classroom: A literature review. Journal of English Educators Society, 6(1), 147-154. https://doi.org/10.21070/jees.v6i1.1212
- Quoc, N. L., & Van, L. H. (2023). Enhancement of EFL learners’ lexical retention: The role of social constructivism. Cogent Education, 10(1), 1–16.
- Shaturaev, J. (2023). Methodology of teaching English at the primary school level: Enhancing English language skills. Academic Research in Educational Sciences, 4(1), 152–166.
- Setiyadi, A. B. (2020). Teaching English as a Foreign Language. Graha.
- Shin, H. W., Lee, J., Brawn, J., & Do, J. (2021). EPIK Teachers' beliefs about language learning and teaching processes. English Teaching, 76(2), 81–105.
- Stakanova, E., & Tolstikhina, E. (2014). Different approaches to teaching English as a foreign language to young learners. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 146, 456–460.
- Sulistiyo, U., Haryanto, E., Widodo, H. P., & Elyas, T. (2020). The portrait of primary school English in Indonesia: policy recommendations. Education 3-13, 48(8), 945-959. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2019.1680721
- Svensson, O., Lundqvist, M., & Williams, K. (2017). Transformative, transactional, and transmissive modes of teaching in action-based entrepreneurial education. In ECSB Entrepreneurship Education (3E) Conference, May 10-12 Cork Ireland (pp. 1-15).
- Roothooft, H. (2017). Primary teachers' beliefs about teaching English to young learners. Pulso: Revista de Educación, (40), 211-225.
- Vu, D. V., & Peters, E. (2021). Vocabulary in English language learning, teaching, and testing in Vietnam: A review. Education Sciences, 11(9), 563–575. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11090563
- Xu, W., & Zammit, K. (2020). Applying thematic analysis to education: A hybrid approach to interpreting data in practitioner research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, pp. 19, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406920918810
- Zhang, L. J. (2021). Curriculum innovation in language teacher education: Reflections on the PGDELT program’s contributions to EFL teachers’ continuing professional development. Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics, 44(4), 435–450. https://doi.org/10.1515/CJAL-2021-0028
Keywords
EFL curriculum, Language Education, Primary Education, Pedagogical Practices, Teacher beliefs
Affiliations
Carlos Alvarez
UNIVERSIDAD BOLIVARIANA DEL ECUADOR
Lourdes Ruiz
Obuda University
Josue Bonilla
Universidad Bolivariana del Ecuador
Yaritza Fajardo
Instituto Tecnológico Juan Bautista Aguirre
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
How to Cite
Alvarez, C., Ruiz, L., Bonilla, J., & Fajardo, Y. . (2025). English Language Teaching in Ecuadorian Primary Schools: Teacher Beliefs in the Context of the Curriculum Reform Versus Actual Practices. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 17(4), 479–490. Retrieved from https://iejee.com/index.php/IEJEE/article/view/2396
Author Biography
Carlos Alvarez
Carlos Alvarez is a lecturer and professor at Universidad Bolivariana del Ecuador and Juan Bautista Vásquez School in Ecuador. He holds a PhD in Education with an emphasis in Language Pedagogy from Eötvös Loránd University in Hungary. Dr. Alvarez has been teaching English and Spanish as foreign languages worldwide at elementary, secondary, and university levels since 2009.
Lourdes Ruiz
Lourdes Ruiz Salvador is a lecturer and researcher at the Bánki Donát Faculty of Mechanical and Safety Engineering at Óbuda University. She holds a PhD in Safety and Security Sciences and has five years of experience teaching in higher education. Additionally, she is actively involved in research related to digital education.
Josue Bonilla
Josue Bonilla is a lecturer and coordinator at Universidad Bolivariana del Ecuador. He holds a Ph.D. in Pedagogical Science and has more than twenty years of experience in teaching in higher education. Additionally, he is actively involved in research projects related to language pedagogy at different universities in Ecuador.
Yaritza Fajardo
Yaritza Fajardo Ortiz is an English teacher at Juan Bautista Aguirre Technological Institute in Ecuador. She holds a bachelor's degree in Educational Sciences with a major in English from the Technical University of Loja. She has over three years of experience teaching EFL at private and public institutions. Currently, she is working as a professor of higher education.