Multilingual policies and multilingual education in the Nordic countries
Keywords:
Minority languages, Multilingualism, Multilingual education, Holistic framework of reference, Nordic countriesAbstract
This article presents some aspects of multilingualism and multilingual education in the Nordic
countries, drawing upon experiences from the project Network for Researchers of
Multilingualism and Multilingual Education, RoMME (2011-2013), where Denmark, Finland,
Norway and Sweden are represented. The aim is to briefly present and discuss some similar
and differing trends within the field of multilingualism and multilingual education in the Nordic
countries, taking into account both outside and inside perspectives. On the basis of the
RoMME-experiences a tentative holistic cross-professional framework of reference for
understanding and researching multilingual education policies and individual language learning
paths is suggested and discussed.
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References
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Van Lier, L. (2004). The Ecology and Semiotics of Language Learning. A Sociocultural
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Van Lier, L. (1996). Interaction in the Language Curriculum. Awareness, Autonomy and
Authenticity. London: Longmans.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1986). Thought and Language. (Transl. A. Kozulin). Cambridge, MA: MIT
Notion of Multilinguality. In C. Hoffmann & J. Ytsma (Eds.). Trilingualism in Family, School
and Community (pp.11-29). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Björklund, M. (2011). Vilka språk, vilka kompetenser? – om den nationella läroplanen i
främmande språk. In Ahlskog-Björkman, E. & Lundkvist, M. (Eds.). Pedagogiska rum i fokus.
Lärande i ett framtidsperspektiv (pp. 25-38). Vaasa: Faculty of Education. Åbo Akademi
University.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1993). The Ecology of Cognitive Development: Research models and
fugitive findings. , R. H. & Fischer, K. W. (Eds.), Development in Context: Acting and
Thinking in Specific Environments (pp. 3-44). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Cenoz, J. (2000). Research on Multilingual Acquisition. In Cenoz, J. & Jessner, U. (Eds.).
English in Europe. The Acquisition of a Third Language (pp. 39-53). Clevedon: Multilingual
Matters.
Commission of European communities (2005). A New Framework Strategy for Multilingualism.
Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/languages/eu-language-policy/multilingualism_en.htm.
Cook, V. (1995). Multi-competence and the learning of many languages. Language, Culture and
Curriculum 8 (2), 93-8.
De Bot, K., Lowie, W. & Verspoor, M. (2007). Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 10(1), 7-21.
Cambridge University Press.
Egeland, N. (2012) (Ed.), Northern lights on PISA 2009 – focus on reading (pp. 45-74).
Denmark: Nordic Council of Ministers.
Ethnologue (2013). Retrieved from http://www.ethnologue.com/statistics.
Forskningscentralen för de inhemska språken (2003). Tänk om... Svenska språknämndens
förslag till handlingsprogram för svenskan i Finland. Helsingfors.
Gorter, D. (2006). Benefits of linguistic diversity and multilingualism. Project “Sustainable
development in a diverse world (SUS.DIV). Position paper. European Commission, 6th
framework program 2005-2011. Retrieved from
http://www.susdiv.org/uploadfiles/RT1.2_PP_Durk.pdf
Herdina, P. & Jessner, U. (2001). The Dynamics of Third Language Acquisition. In Cenoz, J. &
Jessner, U. (Eds.). English in Europe. The Acquisition of a Third Language (pp. 84-98).
Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Herdina, P. & Jessner, U. (2002). A Dynamic Model of Multilingualism: Perspectives of Change
in Psycholinguistics. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (2009). Suomen kielen tulevaisuus–kielipoliittinen
toimintaohjelma. Helsinki.
Krashen, S. (1976). Formal and informal linguistic environments in language acquisition and
language learning. TESOL Quarterly 10, 157-68.
Kulturdepartementet (2002). Mål i mun. Förslag till handlingsprogram för svenska språket.
Stockholm.
Kultur- og kyrkjedepartementet (2008). Mål og meining. Ein heilskapleg norsk språkpolitikk. St.
Meld.nr. 35 (2007-2008). Oslo.
Kulturministeriet (2008). Sprog til tiden. Copenhagen.
Lantolf, J. (2000). Sociocultural Theory and Second Language Learning. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Latomaa, S, &Suni, M (2011). Multilingualism in Finnish Schools: Policies and practices.
ESUKA –JEFUL, 2 (2), 111-136.
Martin, M. (2012). Multilingualism in Nordic Cooperation - A View from the Margin. in J.
Blommaert, S. Leppänen, P. Pahta & T. Räisänen (2012). Dangerous Multilingualism.
Northern Perspectives on Order, Purity and Normality. Palgrave Macmillan.
Martikainen, T. (2007). Maahanmuuttajaväestön sukupuolittuneisuus, perheellistyminen ja
sukupolvisuus. In T. Martikainen & M. Tiilikainen (Eds.). Maahanmuuttajanaiset:
kotoutuminen, perhe ja työ (pp. 38-67), Helsinki: Väestöliitto, Väestöntutkimuslaitos.
Marx, N. (2001). Current models of multilingualism: an overview. Paper presented at the
Second International Conference on Third Language Acquisition and Trilingualism, 13-15
September 2001 in Ljouwert/Leeuwarden, The Netherlands.
McRae, K.D. (1999). Conflict and Compromise in Multilingual Societies: Finland. Waterloo ON:
Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
Nystrand, M. (1992). Social interactionism versus social constructionism. In A.H. Wold (Ed.),
The Dialogical Alternative. Towards a Theory of Language and Mind (pp. 157-174). Oslo:
Scandinavian University Press.
Pitkänen-Huhta A. & Holm L. (2012). Literacy Practices in Transition. Perspectives from the
Nordic Countries. Multilingual Matters.
Quist, P. & Svendsen, B. (2010). Multilingual Urban Scandinavia. Multilingual Matters.
Spolsky, B. (1989). Conditions for Second Language Learning. Introduction to a General
Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Statistics Denmark (2013). Immigrants and their descendants. Retrieved from
www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/invandrere-og-efterkommere.aspx
Statistics Finland (2013). Population. Retrieved from
http://tilastokeskus.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_vaesto_en.html
Statistics Norway (2013). Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, 1 January
2013. Retrieved from http://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef
Statistics Sweden (2013). Fortsatt ökning av utrikes födda i Sverige. Retrieved from
http://www.scb.se/Pages/Article____360678.aspx
Tucker, R. (1999). A Global Perspective on Bilingualism and Bilingual Education. Retrieved
from http://www.cal.org/resources/digest/digestglobal.html.
Van Lier, L. (2004). The Ecology and Semiotics of Language Learning. A Sociocultural
Perspective. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Van Lier, L. (1996). Interaction in the Language Curriculum. Awareness, Autonomy and
Authenticity. London: Longmans.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1986). Thought and Language. (Transl. A. Kozulin). Cambridge, MA: MIT
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Published
2017-08-04
How to Cite
Björklund, M., Björklund, S., & Sjöholm, K. (2017). Multilingual policies and multilingual education in the Nordic countries. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 6(1), 1–22. Retrieved from https://iejee.com/index.php/IEJEE/article/view/30
