Published
April 25, 2026
| Pages: 377-390 | Views: 125
Abstract
Vocabulary plays a fundamental part in learning English as a Foreign Language (EFL). A solid vocabulary base allows learners to understand others and, concurrently, communicate adequately. The effectiveness of the ECRIF (Encounter, Clarify, Remember, Internalize and Fluently Use) framework in triggering vocabulary learning among sixth-grade EFL students in a public school in Ecuador was explored using the mixed-methods design. Quantitative and qualitative approaches were combined to assess how students’ vocabulary improved and understand the perceptions of the teacher on using the framework. Fifty-six students were assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group used the ECRIF framework for sixteen weeks, whereas the control group did according to the conventional method of memorization. Data were obtained through pre and post-tests and a semi-structured interview with the teacher of the experimental group. The results showed that the experimental group enhanced their vocabulary significantly in comparison to the control group. The qualitative results indicated that ECRIF helps learners to become more involved, autonomous and motivated through its interactive and student-oriented instruction. Overall, the study concludes that the application of ECRIF can increase students’ vocabulary development, retention and independent learning, particularly in cases where there is a common use of traditional methods for teaching English. It is thus advised that EFL teachers adopt the ECRIF framework for strengthening students’ vocabulary and presenting them with more stimulating learning experiences.
Listen -
References
- Al-Qahtani, M. (2022). The effect of ECRIF strategy on vocabulary retention among Saudi EFL learners. International Journal of Instruction, 15(3), 147–162. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2022.1539a
- Alharthi, T. (2018). Minding the gap in vocabulary knowledge: Incidental focus on collocation through reading. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ), 9(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3201893
- AlSaleem, B. I. A. (2018). The Effect of ECRIF strategy on EFL seventh graders' vocabulary learning and retention. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ), 9(2).
- https://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol9no2.5
- Andari, I. A. M. Y., Wiguna, I. B. A. A., & Arini, N. M. (2022). The use of flashcards teaching strategy in recalling English vocabulary. Yavana Bhasha: Journal of English Language Education, 5(1), 4-13.
- Ayana, H., Mereba, T., & Alemu, A. (2024). Effect of vocabulary learning strategies on students’ vocabulary knowledge achievement and motivation: the case of grade 11 high school students. In Frontiers in Education (Vol. 9, p. 1399350). Frontiers Media SA. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1399350
- Boers, F. (2021). Evaluating second language vocabulary and grammar instruction: A synthesis of the research on teaching words, phrases, and patterns. Routledge.
- Caiza Aucapiña, G. A., Sulca Guale, X., Suárez Mosquera, W. E., & Rizzo Chunga, G. F. (2022). Enhancing the English-speaking skills through ECRIF: A preliminary study. Conciencia Digital, 5(1.1), 79-90. https://doi.org/10.33262/concienciadigital.v5i1.1.1987
- Caldas, V., Bekes, E., & Illescas, C. (2020). Effective vocabulary acquisition strategies employed by Ecuadorian teachers and students: a cooperative experience using a flashcard web application. Asian Journal of English Language Studies, 8, 160-190.
- Chowdhury, M., Dixon, L. Q., Kuo, L. J., Donaldson, J. P., Eslami, Z., Viruru, R., & Luo, W. (2024). Digital game-based language learning for vocabulary development. Computers and Education Open, 6, 100160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeo.2024.100160
- Citrayasa, V., Marsella, E., & Nernere, M. S. (2022). Strategies of vocabulary learning employed by low-frequency-word level students in international class. Journal on English as a Foreign Language, 12(1), 97-116. https://doi.org/10.23971/jefl.v12i1.3535
- (2024). Digital game-based language learning for vocabulary development. Computers and Education Open, 6, 100160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeo.2024.100160
- Citrayasa, V., Marsella, E., & Nernere, M. S. (2022). Strategies of vocabulary learning employed by low-frequency-word level students in international class. Journal on English as a Foreign Language, 12(1), 97-116. https://doi.org/10.23971/jefl.v12i1.3535
- Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods frameworks (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.
- Dalkıran, B., & Semerci, Ç. (2020). The effect of ECRIF taxonomy in foreign language teaching on academic achievement. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 11(4), 7-12. http://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.11n.4p.7
- Education First. (2024). EF English Proficiency Index. https://www.ef.com.ec/epi/
- Ghalebi, R., Sadighi, F., & Bagheri, M. S. (2020). Vocabulary learning strategies: A comparative study of EFL learners. Cogent Psychology, 7(1), 1824306. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2020.1824306
- Hanzawa, K. (2024). Development of second language speech fluency in foreign language classrooms: A longitudinal study. Language Teaching Research, 28(3), 816-838. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688211008693
- Harris, J., & Leeming, P. (2024). Speaking proficiency development in EFL classrooms: Measuring the differential effect of TBLT and PPP teaching frameworks. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 62(2), 509-537. https://doi.org/10.1515/iral-2022-0082
- Iwaizumi, E., & Webb, S. (2022). Vocabulary: A guide to researching instructed second language vocabulary acquisition. In Instructed Second Language Acquisition Research Methods (pp. 181-206). John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/rmal.3.08iwa
- Jarrah, L. A., Ammari, R. M., Al-Talafha, A. S. A. H., & Khalifeh, A. J. (2021). Students' attitudes towards the use of games in teaching vocabulary for the second language learners. Multicultural Education, 7(12). 1 .5281/zenodo.5794577
- Kazu, İ. Y., & Kuvvetli, M. (2023). A triangulation method on the effectiveness of digital game-based language learning for vocabulary acquisition. Education and information technologies, 28(10), 13541-13567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11756-y
- Kim, S. K., & Webb, S. (2022). Individual difference factors for second language vocabulary. In The Routledge handbook of second language acquisition and individual differences (pp. 282-293). Routledge.
- Kurniarahman, I. (2023). Mnemonics and their effect on students’ vocabulary memorization and recall: A quantitative study. BATARA DIDI: English Language Journal, 2(1), 10-24. https://doi.org/10.56209/badi.v2i1.51
- Kurzweil, J. & Scholl, M. (2007). School for international training frameworks for language teaching: Understanding teaching through learning. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Lei, X., Fathi, J., Noorbakhsh, S., & Rahimi, M. (2022). The impact of mobile-assisted language learning on English as a foreign language learners’ vocabulary learning attitudes and self-regulatory capacity. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 872922. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.872922
- Ministerio de Educación del Ecuador. (2020). Proyecto de fortalecimiento del inglés como lengua extranjera. https://educacion.gob.ec/fortalecimiento-del-ingles/
- Mohammed, A. K. (2023). Vocabulary learning strategies vis-a-vis vocabulary teaching strategies. Journal of Languages and Language Teaching, 11(3), 447-460. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/jollt.v11i3.7656
- Nation, I. S. P. (2022). Learning vocabulary in another language (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Nazeer, I., Mukhtar, S., & Azhar, B. (2023). Exploring the effectiveness of vocabulary acquisition strategies in foreign language learning. Harf-o-Sukhan, 7(3), 1-14.
- Nazim, M., Alzubi, A. A. F., & Fakih, A. H. (2024). EFL teachers’ student-centered pedagogy and assessment practices: challenges and solutions. Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn), 18(1), 217-227. 10.11591/edulearn.v18i1.21142
- Nordlund, M., & Norberg, C. (2020). Vocabulary in EFL teaching materials for young learners. International Journal of Language Studies, 14(1), 89-116.
- Nychkalo, N., Wang, J., Lukianova, L., Paziura, N., & Muranova, N. (2020). Use of task-based framework in teaching vocabulary to business English learners at university. Advanced Education, 98-103. 10.20535/2410-8286.215117
- Nur, R. M., & Jusoh, Z. B. (2022). Vocabulary learning strategies of Indonesian EFL learners in Malaysia: A focus on gender. International Journal of English and Applied Linguistics (IJEAL), 2(3), 431-444. https://doi.org/10.47709/ijeal.v2i3.1868
- Nurhadi, T., Nugraha, S. I., & Ridwan, I. (2024). Exploring the implementation of task-based language teaching in teaching speaking to secondary EFL learners: A qualitative case study. PROJECT (Professional Journal of English Education), 7(5), 1207-1219. https://journal.ikipsiliwangi.ac.id/index.php/project/article/view/24162
- Mahamed, N. R. (2024). The crucial function of vocabulary development for students improving their English language skills. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis, 7 (5). https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v7-i05-11
- Okumuş Dağdeler, K. (2023). A systematic review of mobile-assisted vocabulary learning research. Smart Learning Environments, 10(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00235-z
- Richards, J. C., & Rodgers, T. S. (2014). Frameworks and methods in language teaching (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Robiya, H., Feruzabonu, M., & Oʻgʻilxon, M. (2024). The role of vocabulary in learning language. Western European Journal of Linguistics and Education, 2(5), 344-347. https://westerneuropeanstudies.com/index.php/2/article/view/998
- Salam, U., & Nurnisa, N. (2021). Students" difficulties in learning vocabularies English Community Journal, 5(1), 46-53. https://doi.org/10.32502/ecj.v5i1.3327
- Sari, S. N., & Aminatun, D. (2021). Students' perception on the use of English movies to improve vocabulary mastery. Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning, 2(1), 16-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33365/jeltl.v2i1.757
- Schmitt, N., & Schmitt, D. (2020). Vocabulary in language teaching. Cambridge university press.
- Serang, A. Y. H., & Sahib, R. (2023). The effectiveness of using Instagram application on students vocabulary size in Papua Senior High School. KARIWARI SMART: Journal of Education Based on Local Wisdom, 3(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.53491/kariwarismart.v3i1
- Simamora, M. W. B., & Oktaviani, L. (2020). What is your favorite movie?: A strategy of English education students to improve English vocabulary. Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning, 1(2), 44-49. https://doi.org/10.33365/jeltl.v1i2.604
- Soori, A., Kafipour, R., Dakhil, T. A., Khojasteh, L., & Behrosi, B. (2023). The effect of role-play on vocabulary learning and retention in Iranian EFL learners. In Forum for Linguistic Studies (Transferred) (Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 1835-1835). http://dx.doi.org/10.59400/fls.v5i2.1835
- Ta'amneh, M. A. A. A. (2021). An analysis of various vocabulary learning strategies used by EFL university students. Journal of Applied Linguistics and Language Research, 8(3), 77-88
- Tamayo, M. R., Almeida, E., & Pillajo, M. (2023). ECRIF as a strategy to boost EFL students’ speaking skills: An exploratory action research framework. In XVIII Multidisciplinary International Congress on Science and Technology (pp. 217-232). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-52258-1_16
- Thiendathong, P., & Sukying, A. (2021). Vocabulary learning strategies used by Thai High School students in Science, Language, and English programs. Arab World English Journal, 12(2) https://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol12no2.21
- Tosuncuoğlu, İ. (2017). ECRIF framework system. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 5(3), 130-134. https://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v5i3.2175
- Türker, M. (2024). The effects of using games in teaching vocabulary to EFL learners. Contemporary research in language and linguistics (ISSN: 2980-2253), 2(1). https://doi.org/10.62601/crll.v2i1.24
- Wahyudin, A. Y., Pustika, R., & Simamora, M. W. B. (2021). Vocabulary learning strategies of EFL students at tertiary level. The Journal of English Literacy Education: The Teaching and Learning of English as a Foreign Language, 8(2), 101-112.
- Webb, S., & Nation, P. (2020). How vocabulary is learned. Oxford University Press.
- Wilkins, D. A. (1972). Linguistics in language teaching, vol. 111. London: Edward Arnold.
- Yuldosheva, N. A. (2024). The role of learning vocabulary in language acquisition. Journal of Language and Linguistics, 7(5), 59-63. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12576418
- Zhou, X., Sulaiman, N. A., & Ismail, H. H. (2025). A study on EFL vocabulary teaching for non-English major college students in China based on multimodal theory. World Journal of English Language, 15(3), 265-265. https://doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v15n3p265
Keywords
ECRIF framework, vocabulary learning, EFL students, student-oriented instruction
Affiliations
Monica R. Tamayo
Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE
Diego Cajas
Universidad Nacional de Educación UNAE
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
How to Cite
Tamayo, M. R., & Cajas, D. (2026). The ECRIF Framework for enhancing vocabulary learning among Elementary EFL learners in Ecuador. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 18(3), 377–390. Retrieved from https://iejee.com/index.php/IEJEE/article/view/2622
Author Biography
Monica R. Tamayo
Mónica R. Tamayo is a professor at the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences of Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE in Sanglquí, Ecuador. She holds a master´s degree in Linguistics applied to Language Teaching. She has been working in the field of education for the past 20 years. She provides pedagogical training to elementary EFL teachers from both public and private schools. Her main research interests are ELT methodologies, curriculum development, and learning assessment.
Diego Cajas
Diego Cajas is a professor and currently serves as the Head of the Research Department at the Universidad Nacional de Educación (UNAE) in Azogues, Ecuador. He is a SENESCYT and U.S. Department of State scholarship recipient. He holds a Ph.D. in Applied Linguistics from the University of Warwick (UK). With over 17 years of teaching experience at different educational levels, ranging from basic education to higher education and postgraduate studies, he has dedicated his career to advancing the field of English language teaching and applied linguistics.